One Imam in Nakuru,Footnote97 for instance, who was born nearby Garissa, went to a local state primary school and then to different Islamic educational institutes on the coast, in Garissa and in Nairobi. Although some Kenyan Somalis are part of the socio-economic and political elite of Kenya, they remain trapped in the position of ambiguous citizens, not part of the nation, but also not outside it. 109. ), -0.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est. The adjusted numbers published later are still considered dubious by many.Footnote53 Weitzberg has shown how problematic census results were already in colonial times.Footnote54 For nomadic populations, underreporting was observed frequently, as the census logic is linked to a sedentary lifestyle. In 2013, presidential elections coincided with the new county-level elections, intensifying this feature of Kenya politics. )3.09% of GDP (2020 est. In 1993, a Somali parliamentarian narrated a justification he was given by the Principal Immigration officer after Somalis were barred from entering the passport-issuing office: A Somali, whether from Somalia or from Kenya, is a Somali because mtoto wa nyoka ni nyoka [The child of a snake is a snake].Footnote110 These processes of inclusion and exclusion can take place almost simultaneously. KHRC, Foreigners at Home, 2426; Interview with Amina, August 2016. In this paper, I show that the position of Somalis as ambiguous citizens is not new, but goes back at least to the independence era, if not earlier. N. Rugene and D. Kalinaki, Abdul Hajis Mission to Rescue Brother Blessing for Westgate Hostages. Daily Nation, 25 September 2013. http://www.nation.co.ke/news/How-Abdul-Haji-rescued-Westgate-hostages/1056-2007316-5ol57g/index.html. Targets included police structures, nightclubs and bars, churches, but also buses and bus stations. 76. 110. Interview with Mzee Jamal, Nakuru, November, 2010. ), urban population: 29.5% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 4.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. 15. Ethiopia was deemed the ripest for immediate action. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. The establishment of counties, provided for in the new Constitution as an outcome of the post-electoral violence of 20072008, aimed at decentralizing power.Footnote57 Thereby the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development was recognized.Footnote58 Minorities cautiously welcomed devolution, hoping for more control. The system we have gone through, the schooling, brings people closer together, the way we understand things. This argument was already raised in 1974 during a discussion about the motion Compulsary birth registration for Isiolo and Marsabit Somali (Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, May 17, 1974, p. 1408). ), revenues: $16.885 billion (2019 est. 30. This was mainly the result of the shifta conflict of 1963 to 1967, in which inhabitants of the Northern Frontier District attempted to secede from Kenya. See also Menkhaus, Conflict Assessment, 94 and 110. East Africa is the most populous subregion of Africa, with a population of approximately 455 million people. IEBC, Post-election Evaluation Report, 72. Turton, The Isaq Somali Diaspora, 343. 102. 58.17million more inhabitants? )imports of goods and services: -25.5% (2017 est. Anderson, Remembering Wagalla, 660. This figure, however, seems too low. Together, these attacks claimed over 400 lives.Footnote68 The attackers persistently targeted non-Muslims, and claimed that they were reacting to non-Muslim occupation of Muslim territory. ), total: 20 yearsmale: 19.9 yearsfemale: 20.1 years (2020 est. Kenyan Somalis, however, likewise reinforce notions of being different when calling their neighbours Africans.Footnote86 This can be read as a colonial legacy, the struggle of urbanized Somalis to be treated like Asians, but it can also be interpreted as a racial marker.Footnote87, Lonsdale noted that the slogan for national unity under Kibaki, Kenya: A Working Nation, also divided the population: Since some work is thought to be morally superior to others some Kenyans are more Kenyan than others.Footnote88 According to him the definition of Kenyanness is linked to idioms of connection to land evolving from the long-standing competition between farming and herding, between working and controling the land. 3099067 Cultural citizenship is also asserted by an investment in building Kenyas future,Footnote98 another way of working the soil.Footnote99 The involvement of Kenyan Somalis in the secession movement of the 1960s, and, today, in terrorist attacks, works in the opposite direction. 240.71$ billion vs 190.97$ billion 18.01% fewer people living below the poverty line? )$234.438 billion (2019 est. Changes in identification over time are also indicated by the Afrobarometer data concerning ethnic versus national identification. )percent of population: 29% (2021 est. She was curious about him and argued that the good thing about him was that he came from the country of her father: from home, from Somalia. This strategy of stigmatization informed the security measures taken. ), 5.325 million NAIROBI (capital), 1.440 million Mombassa (2023), at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2023 est. 72. Both the increased visibility of Somali politicians in Kenya, even in areas with a non-Somali majority population, and the growth of the Kenyan Somali population, according to the 2009 census, have intensified anxieties about Somalis taking over Kenya. Their figures rely on the (problematic) census 2009. The post-election violence of 20072008, during which more than 1,000 Kenyans died and more than 300,000 were displaced, resulted in heightened perceptions to rebuild the country as a nation of diversity. 90. In the North Eastern Province, they had at least what is theirs. [1] Among these individuals are a number of ethnically Somali international migrants, around 300,000 of whom inhabit the wider East and South Africa regions. His family did not know that Abdullahi lived a very different life, going to clubs and only very rarely to the mosque. Mzee Jamal, an old Somali man in Nakuru, told me: They had no place for Somalis in Kenya. 36. Kenya is a source of emigrants and a host country for refugees. ), total: 11.1% (2020 est. The vision of a unified Kenya gained importance after the violence that followed the elections of 2007. )$233.852 billion (2020 est. Interview with Ibrahim, Nairobi, September 2010. On the massacre see also TJRC, Final Report 2A, 221367, and Sheikh, Blood on the Runway. 83. The Nubians of Kibera Revisited: Detribalized Natives, Slum Dwellers, Middle Class? Menkaus, Conflict Assessment, 3839. Interview with Mzee Jamal, November 2010. Not only are they singled out by the police because of their physical appearance, but when walking along the street people whisper terms like warya,Footnote85 strengthening feelings of not-quite belonging. the report brings us up to date on a 20 year-old insurgency waged by some Ogadeeni members of the larger ethnic Somali population in parts of the Ogaden region, which stretches across south-eastern Ethiopia and the borders of Kenya and the Somali territories. The majority of ethnic Somalis lived in the eastern half of the Northern Frontier District (NFD),Footnote11 a semi-arid region governed as a closed district by the British, keeping its mainly pastoral inhabitants away from the southern part of the colony.Footnote12 Outside of the Northern Frontier District ethnic Somalis, mainly from British Somaliland, were living in the newly developed towns. Box 606 Village Market, 00621 Nairobimailing address: 8900 Nairobi Place, Washington, DC 20521-8900telephone: [254] (20) 363-6000FAX: [254] (20) 363-6157email address and website: kenya_acs@state.govhttps://ke.usembassy.gov/, three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center; black symbolizes the majority population, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green stands for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom, lion; national colors: black, red, green, white, name: "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu" (Oh God of All Creation)lyrics/music: Graham HYSLOP, Thomas KALUME, Peter KIBUKOSYA, Washington OMONDI, and George W. SENOGA-ZAKE/traditional, adapted by Graham HYSLOP, Thomas KALUME, Peter KIBUKOSYA, Washington OMONDI, and George W. SENOGA-ZAKEnote: adopted 1963; based on a traditional Kenyan folk song, total World Heritage Sites: 7 (4 cultural, 3 natural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Lake Turkana National Parks (n); Mount Kenya National Park (n); Lamu Old Town (c); Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests (c); Fort Jesus, Mombasa (c); Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley (n); Thimlich Ohinga Archaeological Site (c), fast growing, third largest Sub-Saharan economy; strong agriculture and emerging services and tourism industries; current account deficit and high debt; broadband and mobile-money platform investments; surging inflation due to oil and food hikes; new investor-friendly incentives; environmentally fragile economy, $251.431 billion (2021 est. ), $11.825 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars$20.408 billion (2019 est. This inability to speak Somali was true even though Abdullahis brothers mainly lived within Somali circles: their closest contacts were members of the extended kin network and of their own clan and the flat in which Abdullahi was living was situated in a Somali middle class neighbourhood. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 123 (2021 est. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Fact Sheet, Kenya (01-31 December 2017). Its regional capital is Garbahaarreey. This is especially pronounced in the case of urbanized Somalis living outside the northeastern region. The figures concerning the North Eastern Province, where most Kenyan Somalis lived, were later nullified, following claims that they were not reliable. Unlike Abdullahi, who always insisted on remaining in Kenya, both of his brothers now live in Europe. Cheesman et al., Decentralisation in Kenya, 15. KHRC, Foreigners at home, 42. In the 1960s and 1970s, Kenyans pursued higher education in the UK because of colonial ties, but as British immigration rules tightened, the US, the then Soviet Union, and Canada became attractive study destinations. )proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Population and demographic of Mandera County: Garissa counry is 620,000 whereas Wajeer county is 660,000. Ogaden STATISTICS Status: Ethnic Minority Areas: 327,068 km2 Population: 4,439,147 (2007 Census) Languages: Somali (95.9%), Oromifa (2.24%), Amharic (0.92%) and Gurage (0.033%) Religion: Muslim (98.4%), Orthodox Christian (0.6%) and 1% others ), fossil fuels: 8.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Kenyas Somalis, however, occupy the most ambiguous situation of all. Ibrahim, The Checkered History, 1617; Interview with Nabiil, Nakuru, October 2010. )exports of goods and services: 13.9% (2017 est. The only thing that is bringing us [ethnic Somalis from Kenya and Somalia] together is the religion, and slightly the language, and the colour. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. )on alcohol and tobacco: 4.1% of household expenditures (2018 est. When applying for a passport Kenyan Somalis had to complete a special form for applicants claiming citizenshipwho do not belong to an African tribe indigenous to Kenya. Hansard (Parliamentary Debate), April 28 1994, House of Representatives Official Report 1 (22), Republic of Kenya, p. 579. In the following, I will discuss three further citizen-making instruments, which have particularly influenced the position of Kenyan Somalis since the post-election violence of 2007/8: the census of 2009, the elections of 2013, and the securitization of politics since 2013.
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